SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT TGPA VERSION

 1.   SCHOOLS/ THEORIES OF CRIMINOLOGY

2.   CLASSICAL SCHOOL - KEY IDEAS
1. Free will and rational choice.
2. Punishment deters crime.
3. Proportionality and certainty of punishment.
4. Laws must be clear and equal for all.

3.   BECCARIA AND BENTHAM
• Beccaria: 'On Crimes and Punishments' (1764).
• Bentham: Utilitarianism – 'Greatest happiness for greatest number.'
• Focus on deterrence through rational punishment.

4.   CRITICISMS AND IMPACT (CLASSICAL)
• Criticized for ignoring mental illness, poverty, or social causes.
• Still, it inspired modern justice principles – due process, equality, and deterrence.

5.   NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL - EMERGENCE
• 19th century refinement of Classical ideas.
• Acknowledged partial free will and individual differences.
• Introduced mitigating factors in punishment.

6.   NEO-CLASSICAL PRINCIPLES
• 1. Consider age, mental condition, circumstances.
• 2. Juvenile justice and insanity defense.
• 3. Deterrence with compassion.
• 4. Balance between justice and mercy.

7.   NEO-CLASSICAL - SIGNIFICANCE
• Bridged Classical and Positive Schools.
• Introduced flexibility and humanized justice.

8.   POSITIVE SCHOOL - ORIGIN
• 19th century – reaction to Classical assumptions of free will.
• Influenced by Auguste Comte’s positivism.
• Crime seen as determined by biological, psychological, and social factors.

9.   POSITIVE SCHOOL - KEY THINKERS
• Cesare Lombroso: Born criminal theory.
• Enrico Ferri: Social and economic causes.
• Raffaele Garofalo: Moral anomalies and natural crimes.

 

10.               BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL

11.               POSITIVISM

a.   Lombroso: Atavism – criminals have primitive traits.

b.   Psychological theories: Freud, Eysenck,

c.   Sheldon – personality and IQ influence crime.

12.               SOCIOLOGICAL POSITIVISM

a.   Ferri and Garofalo emphasized environment, poverty, and social conditions.

b.   Shifted focus from individual to societal causes.

13.               CRITICISMS AND IMPORTANCE

14.               (POSITIVE)

a.   Criticized for determinism and lack of ethics.

b.   However, introduced scientific criminology and focus on rehabilitation.

15.               SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES - OVERVIEW

a.   Crime seen as a product of social structure, inequality, and culture.

b.   Focus on social causes rather than biology or psychology.

16.               MAJOR SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

a.   Social Disorganization (Shaw & McKay)

b.   Strain/Anomie (Durkheim, Merton)

c.   Differential Association (Sutherland)

d.   Labeling (Becker, Lemert)

e.   Control (Hirschi)

f.     Conflict (Marxist approach)

17.               SOCIOLOGICAL SCHOOL

18.               CORE PRINCIPLES

a.   Crime is socially produced.

b.   Inequality, poverty, and marginalization cause crime.

c.   Focus on reform and prevention.

19.               COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW

a.   Classical – Free will, deterrence.

b.   Neo-Classical – Mitigation, partial free will.

c.   Positive – Determinism, science, rehabilitation.

d.   Sociological – Social causes, reform.

20.               MODERN INTEGRATION

a.   Modern criminology combines all schools.

b.   Recognizes biological, psychological, and social influences.

c.   Focuses on justice, rehabilitation, and social reform.

21.               CONCLUSION

a.   Each school advanced our understanding of crime.

b.   Effective crime prevention requires combining rational justice, science, and social welfare.

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