EXAM QUESTIONS AND MODEL ANSWERS

 Below is a comprehensive list of expected exam questions for your Criminology Paper, fully aligned with each heading of the syllabus you provided.

Questions include short answer questions (SAQ), long answer questions (LAQ), case-based questions, and analytical questions expected at PG/advanced level.

This can be used directly to set question papers or to prepare an exam bank.

✅ EXPECTED EXAM QUESTIONS FOR CRIMINOLOGY PAPER

(Module-wise, PG level, based on your syllabus)

**MODULE – I

FOUNDATIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY**

A. Concept of Crime

Long Answer Questions

  1. Define crime. Discuss its nature, scope, and the need to study crime scientifically.

  2. Trace the evolution of the concept of crime during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries.

  3. Discuss the relationship between crime and morality with suitable examples.

  4. Explain the role of the legislature in defining and shaping crime.

  5. Critically evaluate the role of a criminologist in the modern criminal justice system.

Short Answer Questions

  1. Write a short note on “Crime as a social construct.”

  2. Distinguish between sin, vice, and crime.

  3. Explain the term “legal definition of crime.”

Application/Case-Based Questions

  1. Legislature often criminalizes behaviour that was earlier considered acceptable. Discuss with examples (e.g., domestic violence, cyberstalking).

B. Nature & Scope of Criminology

Long Answer Questions

  1. Define criminology. Explain its nature, scope, and importance.

  2. Examine the interrelationship between criminology, penology, and victimology.

  3. Discuss the fundamentals of modern criminal law.

  4. Explain the perception and practice of criminal law in ancient India.

Short Answer Questions

  1. What is penology? What is neo-criminology?

  2. Mention the essential elements of a crime.

  3. Explain “mens rea” and “actus reus”.

C. Criminogenic Factors

Long Answer Questions

  1. Discuss psychological factors that contribute to criminal behaviour.

  2. Examine sociological factors causing criminality with examples.

  3. Explain economic determinants of crime (poverty, unemployment, inequality).

  4. Analyse political factors as criminogenic forces in society.

Short Answer Questions

  1. What is meant by “criminogenic environment”?

  2. Write a short note on psychological conflicts & crime.

D. Schools of Thought

Long Answer Questions

  1. Compare and contrast Classical and Neo-Classical schools.

  2. Critically analyse the Positive School of Criminology.

  3. Examine sociological theories of crime with reference to Durkheim, Merton, and Sutherland.

  4. Discuss radical criminology and its critique of the criminal justice system.

Short Answer Questions

  1. What is labelling theory?

  2. Write a brief note on biological theories of crime.

  3. Explain economic theories of crime.

**MODULE – II

TYPES OF CRIME & CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR**

A. Types of Crime

Long Answer Questions

  1. Distinguish between traditional, social, family-centered, and modern crimes.

  2. Explain family-centered crimes with examples from Indian society.

  3. Discuss the evolution of modern crimes in the technological age.

Short Answer Questions

  1. Define social crime.

  2. What are traditional crimes?

B. Types of Criminals

Long Answer Questions

  1. Classify criminals: first-time offenders, occasional offenders, and professional criminals.

  2. Discuss the psychology and patterns of habitual criminals and serial killers.

  3. Examine white-collar criminals in the context of Indian administrative and corporate settings.

  4. Explain gender-based criminality in India.

Short Answer Questions

  1. Who is an “insane criminal”?

  2. Explain the term “professional criminal.”

  3. Differentiate between political crimes and white-collar crimes.

**MODULE – III

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY & DEVIANCE**

A. Criminal Psychology

Long Answer Questions

  1. Explain psychological concepts of crime.

  2. Critically discuss the relation between heredity and criminality.

  3. Mental disorders and crime: Explain with examples.

  4. Discuss psychological assessment tools (IQ, personality tests) used in criminal profiling.

  5. Explain major provisions of the Mental Healthcare Act relevant to criminology.

Short Answer Questions

  1. What is IQ testing in forensic psychology?

  2. Write a short note on “antisocial personality disorder.”

B. Deviance

Long Answer Questions

  1. Define deviance. Distinguish between individual and collective deviance.

  2. Explain juvenile delinquency—causes and forms.

  3. Describe rehabilitation strategies for delinquent juveniles and street children.

  4. Explain “Normalization of Deviance” with Indian examples.

  5. Discuss professional criminals and their socio-psychological profile.

Short Answer Questions

  1. What is collective deviance?

  2. Write a note on the Juvenile Justice Act.

C. Organized Crime

Long Answer Questions

  1. Explain the theory of organized crime.

  2. Distinguish between organized predatory crime, crime syndicates, and criminal rackets.

  3. Define political graft and its impact on democratic systems.

  4. Describe the characteristics of organized crime and organized criminals.

D. White Collar Crime

Long Answer Questions

  1. Define white-collar crime. Explain Sutherland’s contribution.

  2. Classify white-collar crimes and analyse their impact on society.

  3. Discuss prominent examples of white-collar crime in India (Chit fund scams, 2G spectrum, banking frauds).

Short Answer Questions

  1. Write a short note on occupational crime vs. corporate crime.

E. Sexual Offences & Modern Social Issues

Long Answer Questions

  1. Discuss the legal and social perspectives of the LGBTQ community.

  2. Explain the provisions and significance of the PWDV Act.

  3. Examine POSH law and Vishaka guidelines.

  4. Write a detailed note on acid attacks in India.

Short Answer Questions

  1. What is “live-in relationship” from a legal perspective?

F. Juvenile Delinquency (Detailed Section)

Long Answer Questions

  1. Causes of juvenile delinquency: sociological, psychological, economic.

  2. Discuss various forms of juvenile delinquency.

  3. Preventive measures and role of state agencies, NGOs, and juvenile justice boards.

  4. Explain JJ Act—structure, procedures, and goals.

Short Answer Questions

  1. What is conflict theory in relation to juvenile delinquency?

G. Factors of Vulnerability, Deviance & Diligent Behaviour

Long Answer Questions

  1. Discuss ecological–cultural factors contributing to deviant behaviour.

  2. Examine psychosocial factors: social structure, school environment, peer group, neighbourhood, socio-economic context.

  3. Explain the role of media and information technology in facilitating deviance (social media addiction, cyberbullying).

Short Answer Questions

  1. Write short notes on:

    • Bullying

    • Alcohol & drug abuse

    • Inter-religious tensions

    • Community violence

⭐ IF YOU WANT, I CAN ALSO PREPARE:

✅ Model answers for all these questions
✅ A question bank PDF (exam-ready)
✅ A PPT for each module
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Module I – Model Answers (Part 1)

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Module I – Part 2,
Module II,
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⭐ **MODEL ANSWERS — MODULE I

(Foundations of Criminology)**

SECTION A — CONCEPT OF CRIME

1. Define crime. Discuss its nature, scope and need. (LAQ)

Crime is an act or omission prohibited by law and punishable by the State. Its nature is dynamic, varying across cultures and time. The scope includes legal, moral, social and behavioural dimensions. The need to study crime arises from increasing social complexity, technological change, victim protection, evidence-based policing, policy making, and understanding the causes, patterns, and consequences of criminal behaviour to reduce harm and improve justice delivery.

2. Evolution of the concept of crime (18th–20th centuries). (LAQ)

In the 18th century, crime was viewed through morality and religious authority. The Classical School introduced rationality, free will and deterrence. The 19th-century Positive School shifted focus to biological and social causes. The 20th century emphasised sociological, psychological, economic, political, and ecological explanations. Crime became understood as a social construct shaped by law, culture, economy and power structures.

3. Crime and Morality; role of the Legislature. (LAQ)

Legislatures define crime based on public morality, security needs and social values. Morality shapes public opinion on acceptable and unacceptable behaviour (e.g., domestic violence, LGBTQ rights). Legislatures criminalise conduct to protect social order. Criminal law evolves as morality changes. What was once a moral issue (e.g., adultery, homosexuality) may be decriminalised or redefined under modern legal principles.

4. Role of the criminologist. (LAQ)

A criminologist studies the causes, patterns and impacts of crime. They analyse criminal behaviour, support law-making, assist investigations, contribute to policy development, evaluate correctional programs, study victimisation, and support rehabilitation. They apply scientific approaches to prevent crime and improve justice outcomes.

Short Answers

5. Crime as a social construct.
What society labels as crime depends on culture, time and law. Behaviour becomes crime only when defined and prohibited by society.

6. Sin, vice and crime.
Sin = religious wrong; vice = socially undesirable behaviour; crime = legally punishable act.

7. Legal definition of crime.
A punishable act prohibited by law and enforceable by the State.

⭐ SECTION B — NATURE & SCOPE OF CRIMINOLOGY

1. Define criminology; nature & scope. (LAQ)

Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminals, victims and the criminal justice system. Its nature is interdisciplinary, combining sociology, psychology, law, forensics and economics. Its scope includes causes of crime, prevention, punishment, rehabilitation, victimology, and criminal law reform. It aims at understanding crime patterns and improving justice administration.

2. Interrelationship between criminology, penology and victimology. (LAQ)

Criminology studies the causes and patterns of crime. Penology deals with punishment, corrections and rehabilitation. Victimology studies victims, their experiences and rights. Together, they form a holistic system connecting offender behaviour, societal protection, victim welfare and criminal justice policies.

3. Criminal law: nature and elements. (LAQ)

Criminal law defines offences, prescribes punishments and protects society. Its core elements include actus reus (guilty act), mens rea (guilty mind), causation, and legally prescribed punishment. It aims to deter misconduct, maintain order, and protect rights.

4. Criminal law in Ancient India. (LAQ)

Ancient India used Dharmaśāstras, Manusmriti and Arthashastra. Laws emphasised morality, caste hierarchy, restorative justice and social order. Punishments were based on status and circumstances. The system valued reconciliation, truth, witness testimony, and community justice.

Short Answers

5. Penology.
Branch of criminology dealing with punishment, prisons, correction and rehabilitation.

6. Neo-criminology.
Modern criminology integrating critical, feminist, environmental, and economic perspectives.

7. Mens rea and actus reus.
Mens rea = intent; actus reus = action. Both required for crime.

⭐ SECTION C — CRIMINOGENIC FACTORS

1. Psychological factors. (LAQ)

Crime may result from personality disorders, poor impulse control, aggression, low empathy, trauma, cognitive distortions, low IQ and psychopathology. Childhood abuse, poor attachment and learned behaviour also shape offending.

2. Sociological factors. (LAQ)

Include poverty, inequality, social disorganisation, peer influence, family dysfunction, unemployment, cultural norms, urbanisation, and deviant subcultures.

3. Economic factors. (LAQ)

Income disparity, unemployment, debt, deprivation, greed, corruption and financial stress contribute to property and white-collar crime.

4. Political factors. (LAQ)

Political instability, corruption, weak governance, state oppression, communal mobilisation and extremist ideologies can trigger political violence and organised crime.

Short Answers

5. Criminogenic environment:
An environment that promotes or facilitates crime due to poor controls and negative influences.

6. Psychological conflicts & crime:
Internal conflicts (anger, fear, frustration) may manifest as aggression or impulsive offending.

⭐ SECTION D — SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT

1. Classical vs Neo-Classical School. (LAQ)

Classical: free will, rational choice, deterrence.
Neo-classical: acknowledges circumstances, age, mental state, partial responsibility, and mitigation.

2. Positive School. (LAQ)

Crime caused by biological, psychological and social factors. Rejects free will. Uses scientific study, statistics, and offender profiling.

3. Sociological theories. (LAQ)

Include Social Disorganisation (Shaw & McKay), Strain (Merton), Differential Association (Sutherland), Control Theory and Labelling Theory. They explain crime through social forces and interactions.

4. Radical criminology. (LAQ)

Views crime as created by inequality, capitalism and power structures. Law serves the ruling class.

Short Answers

5. Labelling theory:
Society labels individuals as deviant, causing secondary deviance.

6. Biological theories:
Crime results from heredity, physical traits, or neurological factors.

7. Economic theories:
Crime arises from inequality, deprivation and economic opportunity structures.

⭐ MODULE II MODEL ANSWERS

(Types of Crime & Criminal Behaviour)
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⭐ MODULE II — MODEL ANSWERS

Types of Crime & Criminal Behaviour

SECTION A — TYPES OF CRIME

1. Distinguish between Traditional, Social, Family-Centered and Modern Crimes. (LAQ)

Traditional crimes include offences historically prevalent such as theft, murder, assault, and property crimes. Social crimes are acts violating societal norms such as dowry, sati, child marriage or caste discrimination. Family-centered crimes occur within the family context—domestic violence, child abuse, honour killings and matrimonial cruelty. Modern crimes emerge from technological and socio-economic change such as cybercrime, financial fraud, environmental crimes, terrorism, organized crime and crimes involving digital platforms.
These categories reflect the evolution of society, values, technology and law. While traditional crimes remain stable, social and family crimes depend on cultural transitions, and modern crimes are shaped by globalization, digitization and complex networks.

2. Explain family-centered crimes with Indian examples. (LAQ)

Family-centered crimes occur within family structures where relationships shape offending. Examples include domestic violence (IPC 498A), dowry harassment, honour killings (common in Haryana–UP belt), child sexual abuse, elder abuse, forced marriage, and parental abduction. These crimes arise from power imbalance, patriarchal norms, dependency and emotional tensions.
In India, socio-cultural expectations of family honour, gender roles, economic pressures and intergenerational conflicts elevate such offenses. Lack of reporting, fear of stigma, and control of women and children within family structures worsen the issue.
Such crimes require sensitive policing, counselling, victim protection and legal mechanisms such as PWDVA 2005, POCSO Act, and the Dowry Prohibition Act.

3. Modern crimes in the technological age. (LAQ)

Modern crimes arise from globalization, digitalization and rapid socio-economic change. They include cybercrimes (phishing, identity theft, ransomware), financial and corporate frauds, human trafficking, organized crime, online radicalization, environmental crimes, drug networks, cryptocurrency misuse, and AI-enabled offences.
These crimes are complex, international, anonymous and require advanced forensic, cyber, and intelligence capabilities.
Modern crimes reflect shifting opportunities, digital dependency, socio-economic disparity, and global criminal markets.

Short Answers

4. Define social crime.
Acts considered morally wrong or socially harmful, e.g., dowry, child marriage, caste atrocities.

5. Traditional crimes.
Conventional offences such as murder, robbery, theft, and assault that have existed historically.

⭐ SECTION B — TYPES OF CRIMINALS

1. Classify criminals: first-time, occasional, and professional. (LAQ)

First-time offenders commit crime once, usually impulsively or situationally. Occasional offenders engage in crime irregularly when opportunities arise; their behaviour is not habitual. Professional criminals make crime a career—skilled, organized, and systematic, often using tools, networks, and planning.
This classification helps understand differences in motivation, risk assessment, rehabilitation needs, and societal threat. Professional criminals require long-term monitoring, while first-time offenders may benefit from counselling and diversion.

2. Habitual criminals and serial killers. (LAQ)

Habitual criminals repeatedly commit offences due to psychological patterns, addiction, social environment, or criminal lifestyle. They often have long arrest histories and weak social bonds.
Serial killers commit multiple murders over time with psychological gratification, patterns, MO, and victim selection. Their crimes involve mental disorders, trauma, sadism or antisocial personality traits.
While habitual criminals follow lifestyle patterns, serial killers follow psychological compulsions. Both require specialized profiling, monitoring and forensic investigation.

3. White-collar criminals in India. (LAQ)

White-collar criminals commit non-violent, financially motivated offences using authority, skill or organizational power. In India, examples include bank frauds, corporate scams, tax evasion, public sector corruption, and insider trading.
They exploit trust, technology and weak regulation. Their crimes affect large populations, erode public trust, and cause major economic losses.
The PMLA, PCA 1988 and Companies Act address such crimes.

4. Gender-based criminality. (LAQ)

Gender-based criminality examines how crime patterns differ among men, women and non-binary persons. Women’s crimes often relate to poverty, victimization, emotional stress or exploitation. Male criminality is higher in violent and property crimes. Social norms, gender roles, patriarchy, and opportunity structures shape offending.
Gender-sensitive policing recognizes societal pressures, vulnerabilities and contexts behind offending.

Short Answers

5. Insane criminal.
An offender who commits crime due to mental illness impairing understanding of act/wrongfulness.

6. Professional criminal.
An offender who makes crime a career, using skill, planning and networks.

7. Political crime vs white-collar crime.
Political crimes target state/political order; white-collar crimes misuse occupational status for financial gain.

⭐ MODULE III — MODEL ANSWERS

(Criminal Psychology & Deviance)

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CONTINUE MODULE III
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Below are the Concise Model Answers for MODULE III (Criminal Psychology & Deviance).
Format remains:
✔ Long Answers: ~150–200 words
✔ Short Answers: ~30–60 words
✔ PG-level, exam-ready.

⭐ MODULE III — MODEL ANSWERS

(Criminal Psychology & Deviance)

SECTION A — CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY

1. Psychological concept of crime. (LAQ)

The psychological concept of crime suggests that offending arises from internal factors such as personality traits, emotional conflicts, cognitive distortions, poor impulse control, trauma histories, and mental disorders. Psychological theories focus on aggression, frustration, learned behaviours, reinforcement, childhood experiences, and abnormal thought patterns. Crime is viewed as a manifestation of unresolved internal conflicts, maladaptive coping, or antisocial personality traits. This approach helps understand motives, criminal decision-making, predict re-offending, and develop targeted interventions such as counselling, behavioural therapy, and rehabilitation programs.

2. Heredity and crime. (LAQ)

Heredity influences temperament, aggression, intelligence, and impulse control, but does not directly produce criminal behaviour. Modern criminology emphasizes gene–environment interaction: biological vulnerability combined with poor parenting, trauma, violence, poverty, or deviant peer groups increases criminal risk. Twin and adoption studies show moderate hereditary influence on antisocial traits, but environment shapes actual offending. No gene has been proven to cause crime. In India, family-based crime clusters (e.g., bandit clans, pickpocket families) reflect social learning, not genetic inheritance.

3. Mental disorder and criminality. (LAQ)

Most mentally ill persons are not criminals. However, disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and personality disorders may lead to crime when symptoms impair judgment, perception, or reality testing. Crimes may arise from delusions, hallucinations, lack of impulse control, or emotional instability. Courts use tests like “unsoundness of mind” (IPC Sec. 84) to determine criminal responsibility. Treatment, not punishment, is the preferred approach.

4. Psychological assessment (IQ) in criminology. (LAQ)

IQ testing evaluates cognitive abilities, problem-solving, understanding, and judgment. Low IQ is linked to poor academic performance, impulsivity, and vulnerability to peer pressure, increasing delinquency risk. IQ assessment helps in offender profiling, competency evaluations, juvenile assessment, and treatment planning. It identifies intellectual disability, suggestibility, and mental capability.

5. Mental Health Act—Relevance to criminology. (LAQ)

The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 ensures dignity, rights, and treatment for mentally ill persons. It emphasizes least-restrictive care, voluntary admission, advance directives, and prohibits inhumane treatment. For criminology, it guides handling mentally ill offenders, police responsibilities during detention, suicide decriminalization, and safeguards for prisoners needing psychiatric care. It strengthens forensic psychiatric evaluation and rights-based corrections.

Short Answers

6. IQ testing in forensic psychology:
Used to assess cognitive capacity, judgment, and criminal responsibility; identifies developmental delays.

7. Antisocial Personality Disorder:
A long-term pattern of disregard for others, manipulation, aggression, and lack of remorse; common in habitual offenders.

⭐ SECTION B — DEVIANCE

1. Define deviance; individual vs collective deviance. (LAQ)

Deviance is behaviour violating social norms or expectations. Individual deviance involves personal acts such as theft, addiction, truancy, or aggression. Collective deviance is group-based misconduct such as riots, gang violence, mob lynching, extremist groups, or organized crime. Deviance varies across societies, cultures, and time. Social norms, power structures, and cultural beliefs shape what is labelled deviant.

2. Juvenile delinquency—causes and forms. (LAQ)

Causes include broken families, poor supervision, school failure, peer influence, trauma, poverty, substance abuse, neighbourhood crime, and social media exposure. Forms include truancy, vandalism, theft, aggression, gang involvement, drug offences, and sexual misconduct. Delinquency arises from psychological conflict, weak social bonds, and deviant learning environments.

3. Rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents & street children. (LAQ)

Rehabilitation includes counselling, education, vocational training, behavioural therapy, family reintegration, community support, foster care, and aftercare programs. NGOs, Child Welfare Committees, Juvenile Justice Boards, and shelter homes provide structured intervention. Aim is reform, not punishment.

4. Normalization of Deviance. (LAQ)

Normalization of deviance occurs when deviant behaviour becomes accepted due to repetition, tolerance, or cultural adaptation. Examples include bribery, cheating, minor law violations, workplace harassment, or unsafe shortcuts. Society gradually stops viewing the behaviour as deviant, increasing risk and reducing moral boundaries.

5. Professional criminals. (LAQ)

Professional criminals engage in crime as a career using skill, planning, tools, and networks. Examples include burglars, forgers, contract killers, smugglers, and cybercriminals. They show high competence, repeated offending, and profit-oriented motives. Rehabilitation is difficult due to established criminal identity.

Short Answers

6. Collective deviance:
Group-based misconduct such as riots, mob violence, gang crime.

7. Juvenile Justice Act:
Provides procedures for care, protection, and rehabilitation of juveniles in conflict with law; emphasizes reform over punishment.

⭐ SECTION C — ORGANIZED CRIME

1. Theory of organized crime. (LAQ)

Organized crime theory explains criminal groups as structured, hierarchical, profit-driven organizations engaged in illegal activities. They use corruption, coercion, planning, and division of labour. Theories include differential association, enterprise theory, alien conspiracy, and cultural–deviant subculture models. Organized crime thrives in weak governance, poverty, and high demand for illicit goods.

2. Organized predatory crime, crime syndicates & rackets. (LAQ)

Organized predatory crime includes extortion, kidnapping, contract killing. Crime syndicates are structured groups controlling illegal markets (drugs, weapons, trafficking). Rackets involve systematic exploitation through fraud or intimidation (hawala, gambling, smuggling). All rely on planning, networks, and corruption.

3. Political graft. (LAQ)

Political graft includes bribery, embezzlement, favouritism, misuse of public office, and illegal political funding. It undermines governance, promotes organized crime, and erodes public trust.

4. Characteristics of organized crime. (LAQ)

Includes hierarchy, violence, corruption, secrecy, division of labour, use of technology, cross-border operations, money laundering, and political connections.

⭐ SECTION D — WHITE COLLAR CRIME

1. Definition & Sutherland’s views. (LAQ)

White-collar crime is committed by respectable persons in their occupation. Sutherland emphasized that crime is not limited to the poor; elite criminals cause greater harm. He studied corporate frauds, embezzlement, and regulatory violations, highlighting differential association and social influence.

2. Classification & impact. (LAQ)

Types: occupational crime, corporate crime, government crime, professional crime. Impact includes financial loss, erosion of trust, market distortion, public health risks, and systemic corruption.

3. White-collar crime in India. (LAQ)

Examples include 2G spectrum scam, coal scam, Vyapam, Satyam scam, bank frauds, chit fund scams, stock manipulation. Causes include corruption, weak enforcement, and political–business nexus.

Short Answers

4. Occupational vs corporate crime:
Occupational → committed by individuals for personal gain.
Corporate → committed by companies/management for organizational benefit.

⭐ SECTION E — SEXUAL OFFENCES & SOCIAL ISSUES

1. LGBTQ issues—legal & social. (LAQ)

Indian law (Sec. 377 decriminalization) recognizes LGBTQ rights. Challenges include discrimination, stigma, workplace exclusion, and lack of legal protection in marriage and inheritance. Social acceptance lags behind legal progress.

2. PWDV Act significance. (LAQ)

Protects women from domestic violence, ensuring residence orders, protection orders, maintenance, medical aid, and counselling. Recognizes emotional, physical, sexual, and economic abuse.

3. POSH Act & Vishaka guidelines. (LAQ)

POSH Act mandates safe workplaces, Internal Committees, complaint procedures, and protection against sexual harassment. Vishaka guidelines formed its foundation, emphasizing prevention, redressal, and gender sensitivity.

4. Acid attacks. (LAQ)

Acid attacks involve intentional disfigurement or injury using corrosive substances. Motivated by revenge, rejection, dowry or jealousy. Laws: IPC 326A/326B, compensation schemes, regulation of acid sales.

Short Answer

5. Live-in relationships—legal view:
Recognized under Article 21; protected under PWDV Act if partners are in a “relationship in nature of marriage.”

⭐ SECTION F — JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

1. Causes of juvenile delinquency. (LAQ)

Broken families, abuse, school failure, poverty, peer influence, substance abuse, media exposure, lack of supervision, trauma, neighbourhood crime.

2. Forms of delinquency. (LAQ)

Truancy, vandalism, theft, aggression, sexual offences, bullying, cyber offences, substance abuse.

3. Preventive programs. (LAQ)

Family counselling, school support, community policing, mentorship, recreational activities, therapy, aftercare, vocational training.

4. Role of stakeholders. (LAQ)

JJ Boards, CWCs, NGOs, police, schools, parents, community workers coordinate rehabilitation, counselling, monitoring, and reintegration.

Short Answer

5. Conflict theory & delinquency:
Crime results from inequality, marginalization, and social conflict faced by youth.

⭐ SECTION G — VULNERABILITY, DEVIANCE & DILIGENT BEHAVIOUR

1. Ecological–cultural factors. (LAQ)

Family violence, community violence, child abuse, academic failure, bullying, alcohol/drug abuse, media influence, IT-based deviance. These create stress, trauma, poor coping and deviant learning.

2. Psychosocial factors. (LAQ)

Peer pressure, poor school environment, weak social structure, neighbourhood disadvantage, poverty, media influence, social isolation. These influence behavioural development and deviance.

3. IT-facilitated deviance. (LAQ)

Includes cyberbullying, addiction, online grooming, pornography, identity theft, hate speech. Digital anonymity and exposure escalate deviance.

Short Answers

4. Bullying:
Aggressive behaviour targeting weaker individuals repeatedly.

5. Alcohol & drug abuse:
Substance use lowers inhibitions and increases risky behaviour and crime.

6. Inter-religion tensions:
Conflicts arising from religious differences leading to deviance and violence.

7. Community violence:
Violence within neighbourhoods creating fear, trauma, and deviant socialization.

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Factors of vulnerability, deviant and deligent behaviour.

  Factors of vulnerability, deviant and deligent behaviour. Ecological – Cultural factors: Family violent, community violence and nature and effects child abuse, academic failure, bullying, Alchol and drug abuse, information technolgy facilitated deviance (Social Media addiction), Inter-religion and Inter Caste Tensions and Conflicts. Psycho–Social factors:- Social Structure- school Environment, Peer Group, neighbour hood Socio-Economic context, media Essay: Factors of Vulnerability and the Emergence of Deviant and Delinquent Behaviour Understanding the pathways that lead children and adolescents toward deviant and delinquent behaviour requires a multidimensional perspective that integrates ecological, cultural, psychological, and social dynamics. Contemporary criminology recognises that deviance is not the product of a single cause but the outcome of complex interactions among individual vulnerabilities and environmental stressors. These vulnerabilities accumulate across the fa...
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